Connect with us

Astronomy

How Supermassive Black Holes Power the Brightest Things in the Universe

blank

Published

on

Two jets shooting out of the center of the active galaxy known as Cygnus A. Like all active galactic nuclei, Cygnus A is powered by a supermassive black hole.

Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so powerful that not even light can escape its pull. In a way, they are the darkest objects in the Universe. Normally, we see something by detecting the light it either emits or reflects, and interpreting it with either our eyes or with scientific instruments like telescopes or antennae. But even though we can’t directly observe black holes, we have plenty of clues that tell us where they are. And interestingly enough, the brightest objects in the entire Universe are actually powered by the biggest and oldest black holes ever found.

The idea of a black hole was first proposed in the late 18th century by English astronomer John Michell and French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, but the concept really flourished after Albert Einstein put forward his theory of general relativity. American physicist John Wheeler is credited with coining the term “black hole” in 1967, four years before an actual one, known as Cygnus X-1, was first observed. Cygnus X-1 is actually a binary system comprising a supergiant, bright blue star and a black hole orbiting each other. We know there’s a black hole there, even though we can’t see it, because it emits X-rays: as the black hole siphons away gas from its companion star, the matter clumps up into an accretion disk around it (just before crossing the event horizon, at which point it is lost forever) and heats up due to friction. Like all hot things, the cloud of gas glows, in this case in the X-ray part of the spectrum, telling us there’s something really massive there, pulling all the matter in. And the only thing it could be is a black hole.

However Cygnus X-1 is a relatively modest object, about fifteen times the mass of our Sun. Supermassive black holes are thought to dominate the centers of most galaxies in the Universe and can grow to mind-boggling dimensions. The one lurking in the center of the Milky Way is about four million solar masses, and even that pales in comparison to objects found in other galaxies, like one discovered earlier this year which is an incredible 12 billion times the mass of the Sun! This monster is called a quasar (short for a quasi-stellar object), and it is a gigantic black hole sitting in the center of a very distant galaxy. Born less than a billion years after the Big Bang and located about 12.8 billion light-years away, this creature from the dawn of time (which scientists call SDSS J010013.02+280225.8) shines with the intensity of about 40 trillion suns, making it one of the oldest, biggest, and brightest objects ever discovered.

Quasars are a type of active galactic nuclei, regions at the center of galaxies which, powered by supermassive black holes, shine dozens or even hundreds of times brighter than the entire surrounding galaxy! They glow for basically the same reason as Cygnus X-1, only on a totally different scale: in order to keep glowing, a quasar must devour the equivalent of over 200 solar masses every year! In this case, however, there’s a twist: the superheated disk of gas spinning around the black hole gets caught up in the object’s intense magnetic fields and is concentrated and sent flying through space at relativistic speeds as huge jets of plasma. When one of these jets is aimed directly at our planet, it is called a blazar, and it’s a good thing they are so far away because being in the sights of one of these things is like being the target of the biggest, most powerful cannon in the entire Universe!

A quasar’s voracious appetite means it can’t shine for too long, since it tends to run out of fuel and eventually stabilize. In fact, most of the quasar’s we’ve discovered are extremely old, which suggests many of them formed in the early Universe and have since died out. So you can think about it this way: whenever astronomers discover another such beast like the one mentioned earlier, it’s just like paleontologists unearthing the skeleton of an ancient dragon. Though they would probably name the thing something more impressive than SDSS J010013.02+280225.8.

Who doesn’t enjoy listening to a good story. Personally I love reading about the people who inspire me and what it took for them to achieve their success. As I am a bit of a self confessed tech geek I think there is no better way to discover these stories than by reading every day some articles or the newspaper . My bookcases are filled with good tech biographies, they remind me that anyone can be a success. So even if you come from an underprivileged part of society or you aren’t the smartest person in the room we all have a chance to reach the top. The same message shines in my beliefs. All it takes to succeed is a good idea, a little risk and a lot of hard work and any geek can become a success. VENI VIDI VICI .

Astronomy

Orbex’s recent funding could expedite the launch of its Prime microlauncher into space

blank

Published

on

blank

Orbex, a small launch company based in the UK, got more money from backers, including Scotland’s national bank. The company is now getting ready for its first orbital launch, but the date for that mission has not yet been set.

With its start in 2015, Orbex is one of only a few companies in Europe racing to make the next generation of launch vehicles. The retirement of the Ariane 5 and big delays to the Ariane 6 and Vega C rockets have left a huge gap that these companies are trying to fill. Without these vehicles, there is almost no native launch capacity coming out of Europe.

But Orbex also has a chance because of his absence. The company is working on what is sometimes called a “microlauncher.” It is a two-stage vehicle called Prime that is only 19 meters tall and can take up to 180 kilograms of payload. Rocket Lab’s Electron is the most similar. It’s only a meter shorter, but it can take up to 300 kilograms.

The fact that Orbex is small is not a problem for the company. In fact, Orbex CEO Philip Chambers told TechCrunch via email that the company is seeing “positive market conditions” for its product.

“There is a pent-up demand for sovereign launch capabilities,” he said. “We are seeing an exponential growth of satellites being launched into LEO, and demand for launch is far exceeding supply. At the moment, it’s not possible to launch a single kilogram from Europe.” “We will let European customers choose how to launch their own payloads and let them launch European payloads from European soil.”

Prime will take off from a new spaceport being built with money from the UK’s national space agency in Sutherland, which is in northern Scotland. The end goal is to use a patented recovery technique that the company calls REFLIGHT. This is an interstage device that sits between the rocket stages. When the booster comes off, four “petals” will unfold and, along with a parachute, create enough drag for a soft landing in the ocean.

It’s possible that a bigger car will be made in the future, but Chambers made it clear that Prime was the company’s top goal. He did say, though, that many of the rocket’s main technologies could be used with bigger packages.

Considering the laws of physics, it would be logical for Orbex to explore the option of using larger vehicles in order to compete on cost per kg.

The company is starting its Series D round with £16.7 million ($20.7 million) in new funding, including investments from Octopus Ventures, BGF, Heartcore, EIFO, and other contributors. Following the closure of a £40.4 million ($50 million) Series C in October 2022, Orbex has secured additional capital. Although a spokesperson has confirmed that the new funding will assist Orbex in accelerating the development of Prime, ensuring its readiness and scalability for the launch period, the specific launch window has not been announced yet.

Continue Reading

Astronomy

The Ingenuity team at NASA has received their last communication, however, the Mars helicopter is still operational

blank

Published

on

blank

The NASA Ingenuity team said goodbye to the helicopter robot and got one last message before splitting up. But ingenuity isn’t really dead yet; it will still be collecting data on Mars.

It’s a great little robot, and in April 2021, it was the first to fly powered and controlled on a planet other than Earth. That’s not easy to do because conditions on Mars are so different.

“The Red Planet has a much lower gravity—one-third that of Earth’s—and an extremely thin atmosphere with only 1% of Earth’s pressure at the surface,” NASA said in a press release after Ingenuity’s first flight. “This means there are relatively few air molecules with which Ingenuity’s two 4-foot-wide (1.2-meter-wide) rotor blades can interact to achieve flight.”

It was planned for the helicopter, which was really just a prototype, to make five flights over 30 days on Mars. Instead, it made 72 flights over 1,000 days. NASA started to use it to get a bird’s-eye view of Mars and find interesting places for Perseverance to go back and look at more closely.

On the 72nd flight, unfortunately, Ingenuity had to make an emergency landing and lost touch with Perseverance. When they got in touch again, pictures from the helicopter showed that a rotor was badly damaged, so Ingenuity would not be able to fly again.

blank

Even though the helicopter can’t fly anymore, it can still gather information and send it to Perseverance. Perseverance then sends the information to Earth through NASA’s Deep Space Network. Before the Ingenuity team broke up, they got one last message from Ingenuity and ate cake to celebrate.

“I’m sorry, Dylan Thomas, but Ingenuity will not be going gently into that good Martian night,” said Josh Anderson, lead of the Ingenuity team at JPL. “It’s hard to believe that she still has something to give after more than 1,000 days on Mars’ surface, 72 flights, and one rough landing.” Because of how hard this amazing team worked, not only did Ingenuity do better than we thought it would, but it may also teach us new things in the years to come.

After stopping in “Valinor Hills” to rest, the robot’s job will be to gather data while it’s still, hopefully learning useful things about the planet’s environment before future missions with people.

Continue Reading

Astronomy

Prepare an ample supply of food, water, and fuel in anticipation of the upcoming total solar eclipse

blank

Published

on

blank

The Lorain County Emergency Management (EMA) in Ohio has advised individuals observing the eclipse and residents within the path of totality to ensure they have an ample supply of food, water, and fuel in preparation for the total eclipse on April 8. This recommendation is due to the anticipated increase in visits to the area.

According to those who saw it, the most recent total solar eclipse across the United States was remarkably impressive. It is challenging to imagine any improvements to the scene by the time Monday arrived after looking at the photographs.

However, if we are fortunate and the weather conditions are favorable, we may see something extraordinary since the eclipse aligns with the period of maximum solar activity, and there is a possibility of observing Baily’s beads.

“During the year 2017, the Sun was approaching a period of solar minimum.” Observers of the complete solar eclipse were able to witness the awe-inspiring corona. However, due to the Sun’s lack of activity, the streamers that extended into the solar atmosphere were limited to only the equatorial regions of the star. NASA states that during solar minimum, the Sun exhibits greater magnetic symmetry, resulting in a simpler look.

“During the 2024 eclipse, the Sun will be in or close to solar maximum, a period characterized by a magnetic field that resembles a complex and chaotic structure, similar to a tangled hairball.” It is probable that streamers will be observable throughout the corona. Furthermore, spectators will have an enhanced opportunity to observe prominences, which manifest as vivid, pink spirals or arcs emanating from the Sun.

The eclipse will be visible throughout the whole stretch of land from Mexico to Canada. The path of totality, where a total solar eclipse is visible, is broader in comparison to 2017. This is because the Moon is in closer proximity to Earth as a result of its position in its orbit. Consequently, a larger number of individuals will have the opportunity to observe the Sun’s corona.

NASA stated that there is a possibility of observing a coronal mass ejection, which is a significant release of solar material, if the timing is fortunate during the eclipse.

However, safety considerations usually arise with eclipses. Following the recent eclipse, there was a notable increase in Google queries pertaining to the consequences of directly gazing at the Sun.

Additionally, there are logistical challenges arising from a significant surge in travelers seeking to witness the celestial phenomenon. As a result, the regions situated along the path of totality are presently making preparations to accommodate this rush. Last month, Lorain County officials issued a warning about the potential consequences of the upcoming eclipse. They cautioned that there may be a surge in traffic, longer wait times for facilities like hospitals and gas stations, and challenges in obtaining food and other essential supplies.

According to USA Today, Dave Freeman, the director of Lorain County EMA, “We may experience an influx of unfamiliar crowds.” “Our current infrastructure lacks the necessary road network to support that.”

“Many of the roads in this area consist of two lanes,” Freeman stated, according to Yahoo News. “Unlike cities such as Chicago and Cleveland, our city does not have a large number of wide roads with multiple lanes. As a result, if we experience larger crowds than anticipated, the traffic situation here could become quite severe.”

The EMA is cautioning that the surge of cell phone use in the vicinity may lead to signal loss when the system becomes overwhelmed. The team advises homeowners to proactively fill their vehicles with gasoline, ensure an ample supply of food, and minimize unnecessary travel throughout the next weekend preceding the eclipse.

blank

It is crucial that you direct your attention towards the eclipse and derive pleasure from it. However, it is imperative that you take precautions to protect your eyes from harm. To do so, please refer to our informative manual on how to properly observe eclipses. If the weather remains unclouded, you may also utilize this guide on how to capture the approaching eclipse in the most optimal manner.

 

Continue Reading

Trending