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Dali forcefully collided with Key Bridge, with a force equivalent to that of 66 heavy trucks traveling at high speeds on a highway

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The cargo ship Dali caused significant damage to the Francis Scott Key Bridge when it collided with one of the bridge piers. As a result, three main truss spans, which were constructed using connected steel elements forming triangles, were knocked down. This incident occurred early on Tuesday morning, March 26, 2024.

The bridge collapse occurred with such suddenness that it afforded the work crews on the bridge little opportunity to evacuate. As a civil engineer, I have been closely monitoring this disaster, as it presents an opportunity to explore methods for enhancing the resilience of infrastructure, such as large bridges. For a bridge of this magnitude to fail, a significant impact force would be necessary. By applying the fundamental principles of physics, we can make a rough estimation of the force involved.

The impulse momentum theorem
Calculating the magnitude of the collision force of Dali can be done using the impulse momentum theorem, a fundamental principle in physics.

The theorem is derived from Newton’s second law, which states that force equals mass times acceleration. Adding time to both sides of the equation, the impulse momentum theorem reveals that force multiplied by time is equal to mass multiplied by the change of velocity when the force is applied.

The equation F*∆t = m*∆v represents a fundamental relationship in physics.

When calculating the impulse momentum theory for Dali’s collision, you’ll need to multiply the collision force by the duration of the collision. Then, compare that to Dali’s mass times the difference in velocity between before and after the crash. The mass of Dali, the length of the collision, and the amount of deceleration that occurs after the crash all affect its collision force.

The data regarding Dali’s accident
When fully loaded, Dali weighs a staggering 257,612,358 pounds or 116,851 metric tonnes. The vehicle was moving at a velocity of 10 miles per hour, equivalent to 16.1 kilometers per hour, prior to the impact. Following the collision with the bridge pier, Dali decelerated to 7.8 miles per hour, or 12.6 kilometers per hour.

Another crucial factor to consider is the collision time, which denotes the duration of the ship’s impact with the bridge during the crash, resulting in a sudden deceleration for Dali.

Based on the data from Dali’s voyage data recorder and the Maryland Transportation Authority Police log, it has been determined that the collision time was less than four seconds, although the exact time is still unknown.

When cars collide on a highway, the duration of the collision is typically between half a second and one second. It is logical to estimate the collision force by using the collision time duration, as Dali’s crash bears resemblance to a vehicle crashing on a bridge pier.

The powerful impact of Dali’s collision
By utilizing those estimates and applying the impulse momentum theory, one can gain a solid understanding of the likely magnitude of Dali’s collision force.

The collision force is determined by multiplying the mass of the object by the change in velocity before and after the crash and then dividing that by the duration of the collision. If we assume a collision time of just one second, the resulting collision force amounts to a staggering 26,422,562 pounds.

Calculating the equation, the result is 26,422,562 pounds

As a biophysicist would know, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has provided valuable information regarding the collision force on a highway bridge pier resulting from a truck crash, which is estimated to be around 400,000 pounds.

That being said, the impact of the cargo ship Dali on the Baltimore Key Bridge pier is comparable to the combined force of 66 heavy trucks traveling at a speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km per hour) and colliding with the bridge pier simultaneously. This level of magnitude exceeds the force that the pier is capable of withstanding.

Creating a bridge that can withstand such a high level of collision force would be technically feasible, but it would significantly raise the cost of the project. Engineers are exploring various methods to decrease the impact on the piers, such as implementing protective barriers that can absorb and dissipate energy. Implementing these types of solutions has the potential to avert future disasters.Engaging in a dialogue
Amanda Bao is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Technology, Environmental Management, and Safety at the Rochester Institute of Technology.

This article has been republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Check out the original article.

As Editor here at GeekReply, I'm a big fan of all things Geeky. Most of my contributions to the site are technology related, but I'm also a big fan of video games. My genres of choice include RPGs, MMOs, Grand Strategy, and Simulation. If I'm not chasing after the latest gear on my MMO of choice, I'm here at GeekReply reporting on the latest in Geek culture.

Artificial Intelligence

Android’s latest Theft Detection Lock feature serves as a deterrent against smartphone thefts and snatch-and-grab incidents

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Imagine yourself engaged in your own affairs, seated on a park bench, gazing at your mobile device. Explosion. An individual seizes your device and swiftly flees with it. While Android and iOS devices do have certain security measures, what about the brief period of time when the phone is still unlocked? Is there a method available to remotely erase its data?

Burglars can obtain a substantial amount of information within that brief duration. Each moment is significant. During the Google I/O 2024 developer conference, Google unveiled a new feature for Android called Theft Detection Lock. This feature is specifically designed to safeguard against the increasing risk of theft. Once activated, the AI-driven function will automatically secure the device.

According to Google, if your phone detects a typical movement related to theft, it will rapidly lock the screen to prevent thieves from easily accessing your data. An instance of such a stimulus is a mechanism that abruptly initiates rapid motion in the opposite direction.

Google is implementing an offline device lock feature, specifically designed to safeguard the device in the event of intentional disconnection from the network. Occurrences such as consistently failing to authenticate the phone will activate that functionality.

The forthcoming update will also introduce functionality that enhances the level of difficulty for malefactors attempting to perform a remote factory reset on your device. According to Google, this upgrade prevents thieves from setting up a stolen device again without having knowledge of your device or Google account credentials, even if they force a reset. By rendering a stolen device unsellable, it diminishes the motivation for individuals to engage in phone theft.

Biometric authentication will be mandatory for modifying sensitive information while the device is connected from an unsecured location.

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Engineering

Supercapacitors Reach New Heights with 19 Times Greater Capacitance

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Based on papers published at the same time by unrelated teams, two methods for improving capacitors’ ability to store charge appear to be effective. Each has the potential to make supercapacitors better at storing energy and maybe even put them in the running for large-scale energy storage.

For a long time, supercapacitors have been better than batteries because they can quickly release the charge they have stored. But not even the best supercapacitors have been able to store enough power to meet the most important needs of society. Sometimes, big steps forward have made supercapacitors look like they could compete in that market. But since lithium-ion battery prices have dropped so much, there isn’t much room for other batteries. That could change soon.

Two papers that came out last month in the same issue of Science both look at big improvements in capacitance. It remains to be seen if either of them can be scaled up, though.

The basic idea behind all capacitors is the same. There is material between the positive and negative charges to keep them from jumping across the gap. When a switch is closed, the negative charges can move around to meet the positive charges. This makes an electric current, which can be used for many things.

Laptops and phones now have hundreds of capacitors inside them. When you look at a phone, you can tell how small it is. Because of this, the amount of power they can store is many times too small to power a car, let alone a city all night.

As you might guess from their name, supercapacitors have a lot more capacitance. Even though they’ve made regenerative braking possible, batteries are still the best choice for long-distance driving. To make that happen, the capacitance has to go up, which means finding cheap materials that stop very large amounts of charge from recombining.

Many capacitors use ferroelectric materials like BaTiO3, but they have a problem called “remnant polarization,” which means that some charge stays behind instead of being released. Their crystals also break down over time.

A team from Korean and American institutions reduced remnant polarization by putting a 3D structure between 2D crystals. They were then able to store 191.7 joules per cubic centimeter of capacitor and release it with more than 90% efficiency. Similar products on the market today can store around 10 joules per cubic centimeter.

Dr. Sang-Hoon Bae of Washington University in St. Louis said in a statement, “We made a new structure based on the innovations we’ve already made in my lab involving 2D materials.” “At first, we weren’t interested in energy storage, but while we were studying the properties of materials, we came across a new physical phenomenon that we thought could be used for energy storage. It was very interesting and could be much more useful.”

The work report by Bae and his co-authors only talks about testing the capacitor over 10 cycles, which shows that there is still a long way to go before it can be used in real life. “We’re not quite at our best yet, but we’re already doing better than other labs,” Bae said. For capacitors to be able to charge and discharge very quickly and hold a lot of energy, our next step is to improve the structure of this material even more. To see this material used widely in big electronics like electric cars and other new green technologies, we need to be able to do that without losing storage space over time.

In the same issue of Science, scientists from Cambridge University talk about results that change how people think about making supercapacitors with carbon electrodes store more power. They say, “Pore size has long been thought to be the main way to improve capacitance.” But when commercial carbons with pores measuring nanometers were compared, there wasn’t much of a link between size and capacitance. With nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we can see that what matters is the level of structural disorder in the capacitors’ domains.

They say that more disorganized carbons with smaller graphene-like domains have higher capacitances because their nanopores store ions more efficiently. “We think that for carbons with smaller domains, the charges are more concentrated, making the interactions between ions and carbon atoms stronger. This makes it easier for ions to be stored.”

The paper makes no mention of how much capacitance is possible when the carbon domains are sufficiently disorganized. This is because it goes against the norm to try to make electronic devices more disorganized than ordered.

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Artificial Intelligence

New 3D displays are coming out from Looking Glass

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Looking Glass produces immersive mixed-reality displays that create a three-dimensional visual experience without the requirement of specialized eyewear. Today, it introduces two new displays, one of which is a 16-inch model priced at $4,000. Additionally, there is a 32-inch screen available, which comes with a price tag that is intentionally kept high to deter those who cannot afford it from inquiring about its cost. The displays are offered in both landscape and portrait orientations, allowing for increased versatility to accommodate various content formats and applications.

The price of the previous 15-inch model was $6,000, thus indicating a slight decrease in prices. Additionally, a few years ago, the company unveiled a $350 holographic digital photo frame along with software that enables the enhancement of your vacation photos to produce a three-dimensional effect.

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The new displays offer stunning group 3D visualization without the need for headsets. This means that professionals working with 3D content can get things done without having to deal with the hassle and fatigue of wearing extra hardware. The company says that its products are made for professionals in design, engineering, education, research, and healthcare who need cutting-edge visualization tools.

The new displays, along with the recently announced Looking Glass Go, complete the company’s range of space-related products. Looking Glass Go turns 2D photos into 3D memories, but the bigger formats are better for XR developers and professionals.

Groups can view the content, which is another advantage of these displays. This is especially useful when working together. The business says that up to 100 different people can use the content at the same time.

The screens can show a lot of different types of media, like holographic images, high-quality videos, and real-time apps. They also have gesture-based controls that make the experience even more immersive without having to touch the computer screen.

Looking Glass has many ways to make content, such as plugins for Unity, Unreal, Blender, and WebXR. It also comes with a software development kit and a 3D model importer for making your own holographic content.

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