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Happy 25th birthday! Five Reasons the Hubble Space Telescope is Awesome

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Hubble Space Telescope

On April 24 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into low Earth orbit on board the Space Shuttle Discovery, and deployed the next day. Named after Edwin Hubble, one of the great astronomers of the 20th century, this amazing instrument has offered us hugely important insights into our universe, not to mention some of the most iconic images of outer space ever captured. Even today, after 25 years, Hubble is one of the most famous and most important space telescopes out there. In order to celebrate this great milestone, here’s the story of the legendary telescope in five amazing facts about it.

First of all, the Hubble Space Telescope was a trailblazer. Famed astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was one of the first to propose an astronomical observatory in space, far from our planet’s thick atmosphere, all the way back in 1946. Then, throughout the 1960s and 1970s he actively lobbied for the development of what would become the Hubble Space Telescope. After a series of delays due to various issues like funding difficulties and the Challenger disaster, Hubble was finally sent into orbit in 1990. Over the next thirteen years, it would be followed by three more powerful telescopes, part of NASA’s Great Observatories program: the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991), the Chandra X-ray Observatory (1999), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (2003). Though all of them have provided scientists with valuable data regarding the Universe, none has even come close to the public profile of Hubble.

Soon after deployment however, a significant problem was discovered. Instead of the sharpest images of space ever taken, scientists were receiving low-quality, blurred photos. The error was eventually found to be a flaw in the 2.4-meter primary mirror, on the order of 2,200 nanometers (about a 50th of the thickness of a sheet of paper). Called a spherical aberration, the flaw meant that the light bouncing off the center of the mirror wouldn’t focus in the same place as the light reflected off the edge. Though the problem was well understood and could be corrected in “post-production,” it was a costly and time-consuming process. Which brings us to the second reason Hubble is awesome: it wears the most expensive pair of glasses of all time!

In December 1993, the first of five servicing missions was launched, which among others contained the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement, or COSTAR. This massive device was about the size of a phone booth and contained a series of mirrors designed to correct the aberration. The cost of the mission was a hefty $500 million, or about a third of the cost of the entire telescope at launch – but it was a complete success and Hubble finally started sending images of the quality scientist had expected all along.

Soon afterwards, scientists got busy using their new toy. The impact of Hubble on the scientific community is difficult to overstate. In its first decade in orbit, 8% of citations to the top-cited astronomy papers were based on Hubble data. Well into the first decade of the 21st century, Hubble Space Telescope papers were being cited tens of thousands of times per year, making it one of the most important scientific instruments in the world.

And it’s not like the data is about some very narrow aspects of astronomy, only professionals would be interested in. Data from Hubble has been used for a whole host of highly significant discoveries, related to everything from the birth of stars and planets, to the evolution of galaxies, measurements of exoplanets and gamma-ray bursts, and observations of gigantic black holes which we now know lurk within the centers of most galaxies. Not only that, but Hubble’s observations of Cepheid variable stars and distant supernovas have provided important insights regarding the rate of expansion of the Universe. The data gathered from the telescope, alongside other ground-based instruments, have led astronomers to believe the expansion of the Universe is accelerating (instead of slowing down, as previously thought). This remarkable finding has actually earned a group of scientists the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, and has led others to suggest the existence of dark energy to explain it.

New view of the Pillars of Creation taken by the Hubble Space TelescopeHubble Space Telescope

New view of the Pillars of Creation taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Revealed in early 2015 to celebrate the Hubble Space Telescope’s 25th birthday, this captivating image shows a stellar nursery, huge clouds of gas four light-years in length, which will event coalesce to form new stars. Image: ESA/Hubble.

But Hubble wasn’t just a highly advanced plaything for professional astronomers. For one thing, at least in the first few years, amateur astronomers could apply for usage of its instruments. But a lot more significantly, NASA soon started taking incredibly beautiful pictures of the Universe, and releasing them to the public. For the first time, perhaps, since the moon landing, the general public could also fully appreciate the work that was being carried out by astronomers. And this is the final point I would like to make about the Hubble Space Telescope: more than any other scientific instrument, it has shown us how awesome the Universe really is. Images like the iconic Pillars of Creation or the Hubble Deep Field are not only relevant to the trained eye of the astronomer, but are also, well, beautiful – more akin to works of art than the cold, dry results of science. No other telescope, not the Large Hadron Collider, nor the International Space Station have managed to captivate the imagination of the public quite like Hubble, and the glimpses it has offered us into the workings of our spectacular Universe.

Hubble Ultra Deep Field

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Each dot in this picture, which shows just a tiny, dim part of the sky, is a galaxy. In total, there are about 10,000 of them, ranging in age from one billion to 13 billion years old. Image: ESA/Hubble.

The Hubble Space Telescope has long outlasted its initial service duration estimates. Over the years, five service missions have been deployed to correct flaws and upgrade instruments, so even after a quarter of a century Hubble is still going strong – in fact, it’s more powerful than ever, and is expected to be fully operational at least until 2020. Here’s hoping it’s going to be a long and productive journey!

Who doesn’t enjoy listening to a good story. Personally I love reading about the people who inspire me and what it took for them to achieve their success. As I am a bit of a self confessed tech geek I think there is no better way to discover these stories than by reading every day some articles or the newspaper . My bookcases are filled with good tech biographies, they remind me that anyone can be a success. So even if you come from an underprivileged part of society or you aren’t the smartest person in the room we all have a chance to reach the top. The same message shines in my beliefs. All it takes to succeed is a good idea, a little risk and a lot of hard work and any geek can become a success. VENI VIDI VICI .

Astronomy

What is the most terrifying communication that humanity could receive from outer space?

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If there are extraterrestrial civilizations within a reasonable distance capable of detecting our unintentional transmissions, there exists a possibility, albeit small, that among the initial signals they intercept, they could receive the commencement of the 1936 Olympic Games. Therefore, in the unlikely event that they do receive these signals, we might come across a speech by Adolf Hitler during our first encounter with an alien species.

“Naturally, this was not the initial transmission,” clarified Seth Shostak, a senior astronomer at SETI, during an interview with RealClearScience. “However, it was emitted at a sufficiently high frequency to penetrate the ionosphere.”

In the movie Contact, this ultimately became the initial communication that mankind received from an extraterrestrial society. The entities promptly returned the signal to Earth, unaware of the profound consequences that transmitting broadcasts of Adolf Hitler from outer space would have on the targeted species they were endeavoring to establish communication with. It is similar to greeting a random person and then unintentionally reciting a chapter from Mein Kampf.

Fortunately, it is highly likely that we won’t encounter this issue because extraterrestrial civilizations shouldn’t be able to distinguish the signal strengths.

“The power consumption would have been minimal, and the antenna used would not have had a specific direction,” Shostak elaborated. “The notion that extraterrestrial beings might intercept it is highly improbable.”

However, it is possible that we may receive significantly more alarming initial communications, as individuals have been deliberating on X (Twitter) and Reddit.

It appears that people are primarily focused on receiving warnings from extraterrestrial civilizations right now, possibly as a result of a recent unnamed television series.

What would be the scariest message humanity could receive from outer space?
byu/silly_vasily inAskReddit

According to certain proposed resolutions to the Fermi Paradox, which ask why we haven’t detected any signs of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, the explanation is that these civilizations are intentionally concealing their presence due to the apprehension of their own annihilation.

Another concern is the possibility of receiving an unclear message that extraterrestrial beings will provide us with limited information, apart from the fact that they are en route.

What would be the scariest message humanity could receive from outer space?
byu/silly_vasily inAskReddit

One theory, called the Zoo Hypothesis, is related to this topic. The theory posits that extraterrestrial beings possess knowledge of our existence but deliberately confine us within a designated “zoo” to allow for our evolutionary and societal development. This parallels humanity’s practice of preserving certain areas as nature reserves and refraining from engaging with uncontacted tribes. Based on this hypothesis, it is possible that we may receive contact once we have reached a satisfactory level of technological and societal development and potentially be accepted into a community of other galaxies.

Although there is a prevailing apprehension that initiating communication with an extraterrestrial civilization will probably elicit fear due to humanity’s historical tendency to fear the unfamiliar, there is a potentially more alarming notion.

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Astronomy

Orbex’s recent funding could expedite the launch of its Prime microlauncher into space

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Orbex, a small launch company based in the UK, got more money from backers, including Scotland’s national bank. The company is now getting ready for its first orbital launch, but the date for that mission has not yet been set.

With its start in 2015, Orbex is one of only a few companies in Europe racing to make the next generation of launch vehicles. The retirement of the Ariane 5 and big delays to the Ariane 6 and Vega C rockets have left a huge gap that these companies are trying to fill. Without these vehicles, there is almost no native launch capacity coming out of Europe.

But Orbex also has a chance because of his absence. The company is working on what is sometimes called a “microlauncher.” It is a two-stage vehicle called Prime that is only 19 meters tall and can take up to 180 kilograms of payload. Rocket Lab’s Electron is the most similar. It’s only a meter shorter, but it can take up to 300 kilograms.

The fact that Orbex is small is not a problem for the company. In fact, Orbex CEO Philip Chambers told TechCrunch via email that the company is seeing “positive market conditions” for its product.

“There is a pent-up demand for sovereign launch capabilities,” he said. “We are seeing an exponential growth of satellites being launched into LEO, and demand for launch is far exceeding supply. At the moment, it’s not possible to launch a single kilogram from Europe.” “We will let European customers choose how to launch their own payloads and let them launch European payloads from European soil.”

Prime will take off from a new spaceport being built with money from the UK’s national space agency in Sutherland, which is in northern Scotland. The end goal is to use a patented recovery technique that the company calls REFLIGHT. This is an interstage device that sits between the rocket stages. When the booster comes off, four “petals” will unfold and, along with a parachute, create enough drag for a soft landing in the ocean.

It’s possible that a bigger car will be made in the future, but Chambers made it clear that Prime was the company’s top goal. He did say, though, that many of the rocket’s main technologies could be used with bigger packages.

Considering the laws of physics, it would be logical for Orbex to explore the option of using larger vehicles in order to compete on cost per kg.

The company is starting its Series D round with £16.7 million ($20.7 million) in new funding, including investments from Octopus Ventures, BGF, Heartcore, EIFO, and other contributors. Following the closure of a £40.4 million ($50 million) Series C in October 2022, Orbex has secured additional capital. Although a spokesperson has confirmed that the new funding will assist Orbex in accelerating the development of Prime, ensuring its readiness and scalability for the launch period, the specific launch window has not been announced yet.

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Astronomy

The Ingenuity team at NASA has received their last communication, however, the Mars helicopter is still operational

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The NASA Ingenuity team said goodbye to the helicopter robot and got one last message before splitting up. But ingenuity isn’t really dead yet; it will still be collecting data on Mars.

It’s a great little robot, and in April 2021, it was the first to fly powered and controlled on a planet other than Earth. That’s not easy to do because conditions on Mars are so different.

“The Red Planet has a much lower gravity—one-third that of Earth’s—and an extremely thin atmosphere with only 1% of Earth’s pressure at the surface,” NASA said in a press release after Ingenuity’s first flight. “This means there are relatively few air molecules with which Ingenuity’s two 4-foot-wide (1.2-meter-wide) rotor blades can interact to achieve flight.”

It was planned for the helicopter, which was really just a prototype, to make five flights over 30 days on Mars. Instead, it made 72 flights over 1,000 days. NASA started to use it to get a bird’s-eye view of Mars and find interesting places for Perseverance to go back and look at more closely.

On the 72nd flight, unfortunately, Ingenuity had to make an emergency landing and lost touch with Perseverance. When they got in touch again, pictures from the helicopter showed that a rotor was badly damaged, so Ingenuity would not be able to fly again.

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Even though the helicopter can’t fly anymore, it can still gather information and send it to Perseverance. Perseverance then sends the information to Earth through NASA’s Deep Space Network. Before the Ingenuity team broke up, they got one last message from Ingenuity and ate cake to celebrate.

“I’m sorry, Dylan Thomas, but Ingenuity will not be going gently into that good Martian night,” said Josh Anderson, lead of the Ingenuity team at JPL. “It’s hard to believe that she still has something to give after more than 1,000 days on Mars’ surface, 72 flights, and one rough landing.” Because of how hard this amazing team worked, not only did Ingenuity do better than we thought it would, but it may also teach us new things in the years to come.

After stopping in “Valinor Hills” to rest, the robot’s job will be to gather data while it’s still, hopefully learning useful things about the planet’s environment before future missions with people.

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