Technology
Magnets are revolutionizing the keyboard industry
The popularity of mechanical keyboards surged from being a specialized item to becoming widely adopted during the epidemic as individuals sought to enhance their home workspaces and potentially explore a new pastime. Brands like Akko, Drop, Ducky, Epomaker, and Keychron have gained widespread recognition and are now well-known among enthusiasts. Today, these enthusiasts have a wide range of options when it comes to choosing alternative keyboard layouts and may purchase parts from numerous vendors.
Subsequently, the current situation has become somewhat uninteresting, as even the formerly exclusive capabilities have now become available on inexpensive keyboards. RGB lighting has become commonplace, as companies like Angry Miao and others consistently discover creative and novel applications for it. There is a vast array of switches to choose from, ranging from the lightest switches designed for games to the heaviest switches suitable for even the most enthusiastic typists. These switches come in linear, tactile, and clicky variations and are available in a seemingly limitless variety of colors. In the past, gasket-mounted keyboards, which provide a more cushioned and responsive typing experience, were mostly available on expensive keyboards for enthusiasts. However, nowadays, this feature has become commonplace across the board.
There are certain advantages to this situation: the overall construction quality of mechanical keyboards available on the market has reached unprecedented levels, and the prices have decreased. However, the entire situation has also grown quite monotonous. Magnetic switches are useful because they can rapidly alter the actuation point, which is the moment when the switch detects your downward keystroke.
In a typical mechanical keyboard switch, the act of pressing a key physically completes an electrical circuit, thereby registering the key press. When downward pressure is applied, the two legs on the stem, which is the movable component to which the keycap is connected, exert force on two metal leaves, resulting in the closure of the circuit.
The distinguishing factor between a linear switch, such as the Gateron Red switches commonly found on gaming keyboards, and a switch with a more tactile sensation, like the Cherry Brown switches, lies in the design of the stem and its legs. Linear switches include stems with a flat surface, whereas tactile switches contain a small bump that creates a moment of resistance when pressed down. The total configuration of the stem, including its legs, the spring, the base on which the stem rests, and the switch housing, can significantly influence the tactile and auditory feedback of a switch, as well as the precise moment at which the keyboard registers a keypress. In the case of a conventional Gateron Red switch, the keypress is officially recognized once you depress it by around 2 millimeters. The total distance the key travels before the stem reaches the bottom of the switch is 4 millimeters.
Mechanical switches exhibit significant dissimilarities. These devices are dependent on magnets and springs, and they operate by detecting changes in the magnetic field. These switches, popularized by the Dutch keyboard startup Wooting, utilize the Hall Effect and have been in existence since the 1960s. Although they retain the same fundamental construction as mechanical switches, including stems and springs, they lack the stem legs due to the absence of an electrical circuit that needs to be closed. Nonetheless, the stem has a permanent magnet, which allows the keyboard’s PCB sensor to accurately detect the switch’s position when pressure is applied. And this is where the most significant modification occurs: you have the ability to adjust the required depth for a keystroke to be registered.
During gaming, it may be desirable to capture finger movement as small as 0.1 millimeter. However, when using the same keyboard for typing, it is recommended to increase the threshold to 2.5 millimeters to prevent accidental keystrokes. Usually, this is accomplished by using a straightforward combination of keys on the keyboard or through the software tools provided by the vendor. Due to the sensitivity of these sensors to temperature fluctuations, there is usually an option available to calibrate the keyboard.
This feature also enables the implementation of more intelligent techniques, as it allows for not only modifying the location where the keypress is initiated but also where it is terminated. While typing, the responsiveness of the keyboard may not be of great significance to you. However, during gaming, it is crucial as it enables you to rapidly press a key when necessary. Magnetic keyboards often come with tools that have a rapid trigger setting, allowing you to quickly spam a key. Additionally, the extensive customization options of these keyboards allow you to experiment with different settings without the need to physically switch to a different switch.
If you desire to exceed the normal limits, you can create a macro-like function by assigning multiple actions to a single key. This allows for a different action to be registered when the key is pressed halfway down, when it is fully pressed down, and when the switch pushes the keycap back up. Additionally, you may assign another action to occur at some point in between these actions. Although I have not yet discovered a specific application for this in my own life, it is highly likely that someone else will.
However, the resistance of the switch is immutable and cannot be altered. Despite the extensive discussion of magnets, the spring inside the switch is ultimately responsible for performing the function.
An issue arises from the lack of a standardized format for these switches, resulting in the incompatibility of some switches with specific keyboards. Depending on the manufacturer, it is possible to connect traditional mechanical switches to the PCB as well. However, it is important to note that these switches do not offer the same customizable advantages as magnetic switches.
A journey to Santorini: Akko’s MOD 007B personal computer
In order to evaluate the product, Akko provided me with a review unit of their MOD007B PC Santorini keyboard. This keyboard belongs to the World Tour series and is characterized by its more understated design compared to other models in the series. The gasket-mount MOD007B PC is available at a price of approximately $150, but it is commonly sold for roughly $110 on Amazon. This keyboard comes pre-assembled and features Kailh’s linear Sakura Pink magnetic switches. The PCB is compatible with 3-pin mechanical switches.
Connectivity options include normal Bluetooth and USB-C connections, as well as a multi-host 2.4Ghz option that requires the provided dongle. The board is equipped with a 3600mAh battery to support wireless operations.
The 75-percent case is not very remarkable since it is made of simple polycarbonate. However, unlike many high-end keyboards, it has the ability to modify the typing angle using its dual-position feet.
Akko employed a sufficient quantity of foam within the case to modulate the sound of the board, resulting in a clacky auditory experience. I have a taste for a sound that is slightly more muted, although I acknowledge that this is entirely subjective. The stabilizers are finely calibrated, but there is a discernible level of case ping. A few minor modifications should address that issue. However, it is noteworthy that this board’s most apparent drawback remains unaddressed, despite the firm producing numerous generations of MOD007 boards. A few minor adjustments should resolve the issue, but purchasers should not be required to make such improvements even at this price range.
Regarding the software, Akko has developed its own exclusive software tool that is capable and user-friendly. It fulfills its intended purpose and does not interfere with your activities. One drawback of boards using magnetic switches is their tendency to prioritize proprietary software over open-source alternatives such as VIA.
The focus of this board is solely on magnetic switches. I derived considerable pleasure from doing experiments with them, and although I did not emerge victorious in obtaining a single chicken supper in PUBG throughout the testing phase, I did perceive that, at the appropriate configuration, it enabled me to respond with a slightly enhanced speed. The level of success you experience with Valorant and other shooters may differ, as the effectiveness of rapid trigger functions can play a significant role. Regardless, it is an enjoyable board game to play.
The switch is a Khailh Sakura Pink magnetic switch with a bottom-out force of 50 gf. That aligns with the characteristics of typical linear switches, but it may be slightly heavier than average.
It took me some time to discover the optimal configuration for everyday typing. After trying out several options, I ultimately settled on Akko’s default comfort setting, which establishes the actuation and release points at a precise measurement of 2mm. The default game setting is set to a speed of 0.5mm, which appears to be sufficiently quick.
Although not the most high-end board available, Akko has developed a keyboard that, when adjusted correctly and with a few small modifications, offers a satisfying typing experience (if you prefer linear switches) and also serves as a suitable gaming platform. The crucial aspect here is that this board enables both gamers and non-gamers to enter the magnetic switch market without incurring significant additional costs. Is it the most superior board available? Although it is not significantly better, considering the price, it is difficult to find a better option.
Artificial Intelligence
Google DeepMind Shows Off A Robot That Plays Table Tennis At A Fun “Solidly Amateur” Level
Have you ever wanted to play table tennis but didn’t have anyone to play with? We have a big scientific discovery for you! Google DeepMind just showed off a robot that could give you a run for your money in a game. But don’t think you’d be beaten badly—the engineers say their robot plays at a “solidly amateur” level.
From scary faces to robo-snails that work together to Atlas, who is now retired and happy, it seems like we’re always just one step away from another amazing robotics achievement. But people can still do a lot of things that robots haven’t come close to.
In terms of speed and performance in physical tasks, engineers are still trying to make machines that can be like humans. With the creation of their table-tennis-playing robot, a team at DeepMind has taken a step toward that goal.
What the team says in their new preprint, which hasn’t been published yet in a peer-reviewed journal, is that competitive matches are often incredibly dynamic, with complicated movements, quick eye-hand coordination, and high-level strategies that change based on the opponent’s strengths and weaknesses. Pure strategy games like chess, which robots are already good at (though with… mixed results), don’t have these features. Games like table tennis do.
People who play games spend years practicing to get better. The DeepMind team wanted to make a robot that could really compete with a human opponent and make the game fun for both of them. They say that their robot is the first to reach these goals.
They came up with a library of “low-level skills” and a “high-level controller” that picks the best skill for each situation. As the team explained in their announcement of their new idea, the skill library has a number of different table tennis techniques, such as forehand and backhand serves. The controller uses descriptions of these skills along with information about how the game is going and its opponent’s skill level to choose the best skill that it can physically do.
The robot began with some information about people. It was then taught through simulations that helped it learn new skills through reinforcement learning. It continued to learn and change by playing against people. Watch the video below to see for yourself what happened.
“It’s really cool to see the robot play against players of all skill levels and styles.” Our goal was for the robot to be at an intermediate level when we started. “It really did that, all of our hard work paid off,” said Barney J. Reed, a professional table tennis coach who helped with the project. “I think the robot was even better than I thought it would be.”
The team held competitions where the robot competed against 29 people whose skills ranged from beginner to advanced+. The matches were played according to normal rules, with one important exception: the robot could not physically serve the ball.
The robot won every game it played against beginners, but it lost every game it played against advanced and advanced+ players. It won 55% of the time against opponents at an intermediate level, which led the team to believe it had reached an intermediate level of human skill.
The important thing is that all of the opponents, no matter how good they were, thought the matches were “fun” and “engaging.” They even had fun taking advantage of the robot’s flaws. The more skilled players thought that this kind of system could be better than a ball thrower as a way to train.
There probably won’t be a robot team in the Olympics any time soon, but it could be used as a training tool. Who knows what will happen in the future?
The preprint has been put on arXiv.
Astronomy
Witness the rare celestial event of Mars and Jupiter reaching their closest proximity in the sky this week, a phenomenon that will not occur again until 2033.
Mars and Jupiter will be only 0.3 degrees apart in the sky on August 14. From our point of view, this passage is very close. If you miss it, you won’t be able to see another one until 2033.
When two objects pass each other in the sky from our point of view, this is called a conjunction. Every time two planets came together, the closer one would block out the other because they would all be moving in a perfectly flat plane. The orbits of the planets are slightly different from those of the other planets, though, so they move slightly to the north and south of each other. Every time, that gap is a different size.
When two things happen close together, the results are especially stunning. Jupiter and Saturn were close enough to each other in 2020 that they could be seen in the same field of view through a telescope. This is a treat for people who like to observe the sky.
Being 0.5 degrees wide, the full moon will fit in any view that can hold the whole moon. This pair will also look good before and after the full moon.
But even with the naked eye, a close conjunction can make the sky look even more amazing. The contrast between the red of Mars and the white of Jupiter will be especially striking. However, Mars’ brightness changes a lot. When it’s at its brightest, it’s about the same brightness as Jupiter. Right now, it’s 16 times less bright. They are so bright that, unless there are clouds, you should be able to see them from all but the dirtiest cities.
Most people in the world will miss this sight, though, because they can’t see the pair of planets in the evening from anywhere on Earth. The exact time they rise depends on where you live, but it’s usually between midnight and 3 am. To see this, you will mostly need to get up before astronomical twilight starts so that you have time to get through the thickest part of the atmosphere.
For people in Europe, Africa, west Asia, and the Americas, the closest time will be 14:53 UTC, which is during the day. The mornings before and after, though, will look almost as close.
Mars and Jupiter meet about every two and a half years, but the most recent one was almost twice as far away and could only be seen in the morning. In 2029, the gaps will be just under two degrees. The next one will be even wider, at more than a degree.
When planets are close to each other, that doesn’t always mean that their distance from each other is very small. Mars has been around the Sun for 687 days, but it is now less than 100 days past its perihelion, which means it is closer than usual. Even though Jupiter is a little closer than usual, it’s not really that close. To be as close as possible to each other, Mars has to be at its farthest point, and Jupiter has to be at its closest point. So this one is not unusual.
But if you want to see something beautiful, you will have to wait more than nine years to see it again.
Engineering
New concrete that doesn’t need cement could cut carbon emissions in the construction industry
Even though concrete is a very common building material, it is not at all the most environmentally friendly choice. Because of this, scientists and engineers have been looking for alternatives that are better for the environment. They may have found one: concrete that doesn’t need cement.
Cement production, which is a crucial ingredient in concrete, ranks as the third most significant contributor to human-caused carbon emissions globally. Nevertheless, in recent years, a multitude of alternative techniques for producing more environmentally friendly concrete have surfaced. One proposed method involves utilizing industrial waste and steel slag as CO2-reducing additives in the concrete mixture. Another suggestion is to utilize spent coffee grounds to enhance the strength of the concrete while reducing the amount of sand required.
However, a certain company has devised a technique to produce cement-free concrete suitable for commercial enterprises.
The concrete has the potential to have a net reduction in carbon dioxide and has the ability to prevent approximately 1 metric ton of carbon emissions for every metric ton used. If this statement is accurate, the cement-free binder will serve as a noteworthy substitute for Portland cement. According to BGR, the new concrete also complies with all the industry standards of traditional cement concrete, ensuring that there is no compromise in terms of strength and durability.
While it is still in the early stages, the situation seems encouraging. C-Crete Technologies, a company specializing in materials science and holding the patents for a novel form of concrete, has utilized approximately 140 tons of this new cast-in-place (pourable) concrete in recent construction endeavors.
In September 2023, the company was granted an initial sum of almost $1 million, promptly succeeded by an additional $2 million, by the US Department of Energy to advance the progress of its technology. In addition, it has garnered numerous accolades that are facilitating its growth in operations.
The widespread adoption of cement-free concrete in future construction projects has the potential to significantly alter the environmental impact of the industry. Although C-Crete seems to be one of the few companies currently exploring these new alternatives on a large scale, it is likely that others will also start embracing them in the near future.
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