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Earth revolves around the Sun, right? Quarter of Americans are still not buying it

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Oh Copernicus, if only you could see them now. Heliocentrism is an astronomical model which suggests that the Sun (helios = Sun in Greek) sits in the center of our Solar System and that the planets, including Earth, all revolve around it. The theory was proposed back in the 16th century by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and later supported by other renowned astronomers such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. But even though heliocentrism has been around for hundreds of years, some people are still finding it hard to grasp the notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun. According to a survey conducted by the National Science Foundation, a quarter of Americans still believe in the geocentric astronomical model, which says that actually the Sun revolves around the Earth and not the other way around.

Around 2,200 adult Americans were involved in the survey, so it’s perhaps not representative of the whole country, but it’s still a pretty decent sample of the population and the findings need to be taken into consideration. ABC News reports that this type of survey is conducted every couple of years, with this particular one being from 2012. However, the findings, along with data from similar surveys, were only revealed earlier this month at the annual American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting. The survey featured nine questions related to science and the average score ended up being only 6.5. As you might imagine, many participants got a few more questions wrong besides the age-old dilemma – “does the Earth revolve around the Sun or does the Sun revolve around the Earth?”

According to the survey, only 39% of Americans believe in the Big Bang theory while belief in the theory of evolution sits at a similarly disappointing 48%. On the bright side, more than 90% of the people said that they do respect scientists and science in general, however, only about a third of participants think that scientists should receive more funding from the government. Earlier this year, another survey found that Americans are also on the fence when it comes to global warming, GMOs and many other important issues.

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Astronomy

The initial observation of the magnetic fields surrounding the supermassive black hole within our galaxy is quite remarkable

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The team responsible for capturing the initial photograph of a black hole has now unveiled a fresh image of Sagittarius A*, the colossal black hole located at the core of the Milky Way. This new image is observed using polarized light, marking the first instance of such a visual representation. The recorded image depicts the magnetic field patterns encircling the black hole, resembling those observed in the vicinity of M87*. This observation implies the potential presence of robust, twisted, and well-structured magnetic fields within black holes.

In order to create a single array of dimensions equal to Earth’s, radio telescopes located all over the world are utilized by the Event Horizon Telescope, an international collaboration that makes it possible to image a black hole. Should you have that kind of resolution in your vision, you could see a doughnut on the moon. The initial visual representation of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) and the significantly larger and more potent black hole located at the core of the enormous elliptical galaxy Messier 87 has been provided. In 2021, it successfully detected the magnetic fields of M87*, marking the first instance of a black hole being detected using polarized light.

The team has successfully utilized the polarization of light to visualize the magnetic fields of Sgr A*, marking the first instance of such an application. Light is generated through the oscillation of electromagnetic waves, and when these waves oscillate in a specific direction, they are referred to as polarized. 3D glasses function by utilizing two lenses with distinct polarization, allowing just a portion of the light to enter. This enables our brains to generate a three-dimensional image within our mind. Polarized light reduces glare from strong light sources, allowing the researchers to see the black hole’s edge more clearly and precisely delineate the magnetic field lines inside of it.

“We have acquired polarimetric images of the black hole located at the center of our galaxy, Sgr A*, at the event horizon scale for the first time,” stated Professor Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Deputy Project Scientist at the EHT and professor at the University of Naples Federico II, in an interview .

The polarization of light allows for the observation of a highly intricate and well-organized magnetic structure surrounding the black hole, as depicted in these photos. The inclusion of polarized light in these photographs is critical, as it enables us to visually perceive and comprehend the intricate structure of the magnetic field around the black hole, a vital element that cannot be adequately represented by non-polarized light alone.

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Plasma, composed of charged particles, exhibits motion along the magnetic field lines surrounding a supermassive black hole. When these particles rotate, they generate a polarization pattern on the light that is oriented at a right angle to the magnetic field. The measurement of polarization provides precise information regarding the manner in which the magnetic field is around the supermassive black hole.

According to Professor De Laurentis, the significance of polarization in the examination of black holes lies in its ability to furnish valuable insights on the geometry and dynamics of the magnetic fields encompassing the black hole. These fields are of significant importance in the processes of accretion and jet emissions since they have a direct impact on the observation of black holes and our comprehension of the underlying physics that control these extraordinary entities.

The processes of accretion and jet emissions are not commonly observed in our neighboring supermassive black hole. Sagittarius A* is rather tranquil and serene compared to other black holes, which is advantageous because even at a distance of 26,000 light-years, an active supermassive black hole may still exert a significant influence. These objects have the ability to influence the fate of a whole galaxy.

However, the magnetic fields play a crucial role in the emission of high-energy jets for M87*. The phenomenon of the supermassive black hole emitting jets of particles with velocities approaching the speed of light, spanning around 5,000 light-years from M87*, has been documented. The observation of identical magnetic structures that drive extensive phenomena in M87 within our own supermassive black hole implies the existence of fundamental mechanisms that are common to all black holes.

According to Professor De Laurentis, the magnetic fields play a crucial role in regulating the accumulation of mass within black holes and the expulsion of very intense jets, which are considered to be some of the most remarkable occurrences in the cosmos. Understanding these areas lets us look into the strange things that happen close to black holes, which means testing theories of gravity and magnetohydrodynamics in situations where Einstein’s general relativity is very important.

This image of Sagittarius A* represents a significant advancement in comprehending the behavior of black holes and their impact on the galaxies they inhabit. Additionally, it serves as an excellent platform for testing theoretical models that describe the actions of black holes.

The aforementioned observations signify a significant technical achievement, demonstrating the capability of contemporary astronomy instruments and protocols. According to Professor De Laurentis, their work established a precedent for subsequent observational efforts and theoretical investigations, thereby expanding the frontiers of our comprehension of the cosmos.

The upcoming iteration of the Event Horizon Telescope will exhibit enhanced performance.

The research findings are documented in two scholarly articles published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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The Recurrence of Unexploded Bombs from World Wars

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The Earth possesses a substantial quantity of explosive bomb material, amounting to millions of tons, primarily originating from the two global conflicts that occurred throughout the 20th century. Although a significant portion of these entities has been neglected and overlooked in recent decades, recent studies have revealed that a considerable number of them contain a chemical compound that renders them progressively more susceptible to detonation over time.

Amatol, a potent explosive compound derived from a blend of TNT and ammonium nitrate, was extensively employed in various explosive devices utilized throughout World War One and World War Two. These devices encompassed airplane bombs, shells, depth charges, and naval mines.

Additional frequently employed explosives, such as pure trinitrotoluene (TNT) or pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), exhibit generally consistent stability throughout time and do not exhibit an increase in their level of hazard compared to their first stages. Nevertheless, Amatol exhibits an increasing susceptibility to effect over time when subjected to specific settings.

Two scientists from the University of Oslo and the University of Stavanger in Norway conducted a series of experiments where they applied weights to five samples of amatol explosives obtained from battlefields. This finding demonstrated that the bombs exhibited a higher degree of sensitivity to impact than previously acknowledged, and their volatility progressively escalated as they underwent aging.

The observed change in temperament can be attributed to the chemical reactivity of amatol with other substances present in the natural environment.

The study authors note that the presence of moisture, coupled with other conditions, can enhance the impact sensitivity of amatols.

It is widely acknowledged that explosive compositions, including ammonium nitrate, have the potential to undergo sensitization upon exposure to trace amounts of metals or interactions with metals. “The presence of these metal contaminants can undergo a chemical reaction with ammonium nitrate, resulting in the formation of complex salts and the sensitization of the mixture,” they state.

The presence of unexploded bombs from World War II is a frequent occurrence, often resulting in significant disruptions.

In February 2024, a German bomb weighing 500 kilograms (1,102 pounds) was found in a backyard in Plymouth, UK. More than 100 military personnel and specialists in bomb disposal were sent, while a significant number of surrounding inhabitants were compelled to flee, paradoxically signifying one of the most extensive evacuation endeavors since the conclusion of the Second World War.

Fortunately, the detonation of the device was executed without any casualties; nonetheless, such occurrences can occasionally culminate in terrible outcomes. In 2008, a total of 17 individuals sustained injuries at a building site located in the German town of Hattingen. The incident occurred when an excavator collided with a 250-kilogram (550-pound) bomb from the World War II era, resulting in its detonation.

Recent research suggests that occurrences involving unexploded bombs, such as the one described, have the potential to escalate into a significant issue. In conclusion, the researchers emphasize the importance of informing individuals responsible for dismantling unexploded explosives of the heightened sensitivity of amatol to impact.

The recent research findings have been published in the esteemed publication, Royal Society Open Science.

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Astronomy

The alteration of Earth’s shape could potentially lead to a worldwide timekeeping crisis

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If no action is taken, global timekeeping may be on the verge of a significant issue that may disrupt various aspects, including computer networks and financial markets. The responsible factor, intriguingly, is the melting of polar ice resulting from climate change.

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is employed globally to establish a uniform and standardized temporal standard, hence facilitating many activities such as communication, navigation, scientific inquiry, and trade.

The calculation of this time measurement is derived from data obtained from approximately 450 atomic clocks, which are highly precise timekeeping systems that utilize the extremely stable “vibrations” of atoms to measure time. Unfortunately, it does not precisely match astronomical time, which is based on the Earth’s rotation.

The Earth’s rotation exceeds the duration of a day as specified by atomic clocks by a few milliseconds, and the speed of the Earth’s spin can fluctuate due to numerous variables. In order to accommodate this, leap seconds are incorporated into the Universal Time Coordinate (UTC) at regular intervals to ensure its synchronization with astronomical time.

Strange and somewhat unfamiliar changes that have been occurring in Earth’s primarily liquid core and solid mantle in recent decades have accelerated its rotation. However, this phenomenon has been attributed to the inclusion of leap seconds.

Currently, novel forces are beginning to arise that have the potential to further disrupt Earth’s rotating velocity and disrupt global timekeeping.

The investigation of Earth’s rotation and its correlation with the melting of polar ice has lately garnered attention from Duncan Carr Agnew, a geophysicist affiliated with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.

The phenomenon of climate change has resulted in the rapid melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica, leading to significant alterations in the Earth’s form and a more pronounced reduction in its angular velocity compared to previous periods.

Agnew contends that due to the deceleration of Earth’s rotation, the Universal Time Coordinate (UTC) will require a negative leap second, namely a minute with only 59 seconds, around approximately 2029.

“In the past, it was anticipated that leap seconds would consistently yield positive results and occur with increasing frequency.” According to Agnew’s remark, when examining alterations in the Earth’s rotation, which are responsible for leap seconds, and analyzing the underlying factors contributing to these changes, it is highly probable that a negative outcome is probable.

“A single second may not seem significant, but in a modern interconnected society, making a mistake about time could result in significant complications,” he stated.

Irrespective of the phenomenon of climate change, it is probable that alterations in Earth’s liquid core alone may have compelled a negative leap second by the year 2026. Nevertheless, Agnew’s calculations indicate that alterations in the quantity of polar ice have postponed this inevitability by a further three years, reaching 2029. Climate change is currently exerting an impact on the worldwide timekeeping system.

Failure to incorporate the negative leap second may result in global timekeeping becoming unevenly synced, leading to significant disruptions in computer systems and telecommunications networks.

The research’s press release implies that the condition may give rise to a predicament similar to the Y2K bug panic. However, it is worth considering whether this is a genuine issue.

During the late 1990s, there existed a prevailing sense of apprehension regarding the potential failure of computer systems worldwide in the new millennium. This apprehension stemmed from the lack of preparedness of computers to effectively format and store calendar data in and after the year 2000. Individuals came up with the idea of a computer-induced apocalypse in which aircraft would descended from the atmosphere, financial accounts would be reset to their initial balances, and nuclear weapons would deploy automatically. Undoubtedly, the fears were greatly exaggerated, and only a small number of inaccuracies were actually documented.

Considering the unsatisfactory outcomes of the Y2K panic, it would be imprudent to make speculative conjectures regarding the potential trajectory of this novel issue. However, this is a topic that numerous scientists are beginning to contemplate.

“The addition or testing of a negative leap second has not been done before, thus the potential problems it could cause are unprecedented.” In a commentary article about the study, Dr. Patrizia Tavella, Director of the Time Department at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, states that metrologists worldwide are closely monitoring the ongoing conversation in order to prevent any avoidable hazards.

According to Dr. Tavella, the challenge of implementing the negative leap second and organizing the global effort would be extremely difficult.

The recent research has been published in the esteemed magazine Nature.

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