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The Space-Time Tunnel Called Wormhole

Space-time phenomena like blackholes have always remained a mystery and is beyond one’s understanding. While there had been constructive thoughts on this topic, researchers worldwide have been studying the laws of physics behind intergalactic space travel. But, before we proceed to that, let’s see about the different types of space-time phenomenon.

Most of the people know, that theories suggest the theory behind blackholes. But, not many know about the theory behind whiteholes. Blackholes are areas in corners of the space, which are impossible to escape once entered. Whiteholes represent the opposite effect. They are almost impossible to enter, but possible to escape once already there. These two space-time phenomenon are actually connected with each other. Hence, if either a blackhole or a whitehole exists in a corner of the universe, their opposite counterpart would exist in a different universe.

The connectivity between the blackhole and the whitehole, is in the form of a narrow and hollow tunnel, called the wormhole.

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The Dawn Of An Idea

While there are more sightings of the blackholes, there is no evidence for the presence of a whitehole. The current laws of physics suggest, that it is impossible for the whitehole to form. In a rare case, even if that is possible, they would cease to exist due to instability. Going with this thought, wormholes also would cease to exist. However, the astrophysicists think that every phenomenon of nature has two sides. Hence, an existent blackhole in this universe would definitely have a whitehole counterpart in another. This conclusion led to a series of research to uncover the materials needed to sustain a wormhole-travel.

Negative Mass Is The Answer

Before we get to the answer, let’s talk about event horizon. In simple terms, it means a point of no return. It is a point in space at which the gravitational pull is very huge. Nothing can escape once it has crossed the event horizon. It is impossible even for light to escape. A light emitted beyond the event horizon can’t be seen by an outside observer. It is the point in space, that marks the end of a black hole and the start of the wormhole.

Based on this knowledge, the research revolved around two points of focus. The first one is about a way to counter the extreme gravitational pull, without getting done in by it. The next one is about a way to counter extreme speed of travel within the wormhole. The wormhole allows a faster-than-light travel, between the blackhole and whitehole.

The answer to these two points of concern, is that the mode of transport through the tunnel, should be made of a negative mass material. A material with a negative mass doesn’t exist in the universe. But, the scientists went ahead and created a fluid with a negative mass. Though it is a fluid, it is a massive breakthrough in the field of science. After this acheivement, the scientists are in the process of making a solid material with a negative mass.

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Is This Viable?

The answer is NO! One of the main reasons, is that these space-time phenomena defy the well-proved basic laws of physics. The odds of making a wormhole travel against these laws is next to impossible. Moreover, NASA is conducting various researches to create propulsion systems to make space-travel faster. A radio frequency resonant cavity thruster is one of those systems that uses microwaves inside a truncated cone to create a thrust at the narrow end of the cone. Hence, NASA isn’t going to concentrate on negative mass material for now.

A Distant Possibility

Though not viable, there is a possibility to establish the wormhole travel. We don’t have the technology to make it happen yet. The first challenge is to create a negative mass material, that is naturally non-existent in this universe. This process will take an extremely long time to complete, with the currently available tech. The second challenge is to do a wormhole travel against the basic laws of physics.

Benefits Of Wormhole

We can make space-travel much faster than the conventional flying. A normal space travel would take many light years to reach, but a wormhole can cut that short to just a few hundred years. Time travel is possible too. People can travel to the past or the future with ease. However, altering the timeline would have serious consequences.

That being said, it is left to see if we humans can make the impossible happen.

 

Astronomy

What is the most terrifying communication that humanity could receive from outer space?

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If there are extraterrestrial civilizations within a reasonable distance capable of detecting our unintentional transmissions, there exists a possibility, albeit small, that among the initial signals they intercept, they could receive the commencement of the 1936 Olympic Games. Therefore, in the unlikely event that they do receive these signals, we might come across a speech by Adolf Hitler during our first encounter with an alien species.

“Naturally, this was not the initial transmission,” clarified Seth Shostak, a senior astronomer at SETI, during an interview with RealClearScience. “However, it was emitted at a sufficiently high frequency to penetrate the ionosphere.”

In the movie Contact, this ultimately became the initial communication that mankind received from an extraterrestrial society. The entities promptly returned the signal to Earth, unaware of the profound consequences that transmitting broadcasts of Adolf Hitler from outer space would have on the targeted species they were endeavoring to establish communication with. It is similar to greeting a random person and then unintentionally reciting a chapter from Mein Kampf.

Fortunately, it is highly likely that we won’t encounter this issue because extraterrestrial civilizations shouldn’t be able to distinguish the signal strengths.

“The power consumption would have been minimal, and the antenna used would not have had a specific direction,” Shostak elaborated. “The notion that extraterrestrial beings might intercept it is highly improbable.”

However, it is possible that we may receive significantly more alarming initial communications, as individuals have been deliberating on X (Twitter) and Reddit.

It appears that people are primarily focused on receiving warnings from extraterrestrial civilizations right now, possibly as a result of a recent unnamed television series.

What would be the scariest message humanity could receive from outer space?
byu/silly_vasily inAskReddit

According to certain proposed resolutions to the Fermi Paradox, which ask why we haven’t detected any signs of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, the explanation is that these civilizations are intentionally concealing their presence due to the apprehension of their own annihilation.

Another concern is the possibility of receiving an unclear message that extraterrestrial beings will provide us with limited information, apart from the fact that they are en route.

What would be the scariest message humanity could receive from outer space?
byu/silly_vasily inAskReddit

One theory, called the Zoo Hypothesis, is related to this topic. The theory posits that extraterrestrial beings possess knowledge of our existence but deliberately confine us within a designated “zoo” to allow for our evolutionary and societal development. This parallels humanity’s practice of preserving certain areas as nature reserves and refraining from engaging with uncontacted tribes. Based on this hypothesis, it is possible that we may receive contact once we have reached a satisfactory level of technological and societal development and potentially be accepted into a community of other galaxies.

Although there is a prevailing apprehension that initiating communication with an extraterrestrial civilization will probably elicit fear due to humanity’s historical tendency to fear the unfamiliar, there is a potentially more alarming notion.

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Astronomy

Orbex’s recent funding could expedite the launch of its Prime microlauncher into space

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Orbex, a small launch company based in the UK, got more money from backers, including Scotland’s national bank. The company is now getting ready for its first orbital launch, but the date for that mission has not yet been set.

With its start in 2015, Orbex is one of only a few companies in Europe racing to make the next generation of launch vehicles. The retirement of the Ariane 5 and big delays to the Ariane 6 and Vega C rockets have left a huge gap that these companies are trying to fill. Without these vehicles, there is almost no native launch capacity coming out of Europe.

But Orbex also has a chance because of his absence. The company is working on what is sometimes called a “microlauncher.” It is a two-stage vehicle called Prime that is only 19 meters tall and can take up to 180 kilograms of payload. Rocket Lab’s Electron is the most similar. It’s only a meter shorter, but it can take up to 300 kilograms.

The fact that Orbex is small is not a problem for the company. In fact, Orbex CEO Philip Chambers told TechCrunch via email that the company is seeing “positive market conditions” for its product.

“There is a pent-up demand for sovereign launch capabilities,” he said. “We are seeing an exponential growth of satellites being launched into LEO, and demand for launch is far exceeding supply. At the moment, it’s not possible to launch a single kilogram from Europe.” “We will let European customers choose how to launch their own payloads and let them launch European payloads from European soil.”

Prime will take off from a new spaceport being built with money from the UK’s national space agency in Sutherland, which is in northern Scotland. The end goal is to use a patented recovery technique that the company calls REFLIGHT. This is an interstage device that sits between the rocket stages. When the booster comes off, four “petals” will unfold and, along with a parachute, create enough drag for a soft landing in the ocean.

It’s possible that a bigger car will be made in the future, but Chambers made it clear that Prime was the company’s top goal. He did say, though, that many of the rocket’s main technologies could be used with bigger packages.

Considering the laws of physics, it would be logical for Orbex to explore the option of using larger vehicles in order to compete on cost per kg.

The company is starting its Series D round with £16.7 million ($20.7 million) in new funding, including investments from Octopus Ventures, BGF, Heartcore, EIFO, and other contributors. Following the closure of a £40.4 million ($50 million) Series C in October 2022, Orbex has secured additional capital. Although a spokesperson has confirmed that the new funding will assist Orbex in accelerating the development of Prime, ensuring its readiness and scalability for the launch period, the specific launch window has not been announced yet.

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Astronomy

The Ingenuity team at NASA has received their last communication, however, the Mars helicopter is still operational

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The NASA Ingenuity team said goodbye to the helicopter robot and got one last message before splitting up. But ingenuity isn’t really dead yet; it will still be collecting data on Mars.

It’s a great little robot, and in April 2021, it was the first to fly powered and controlled on a planet other than Earth. That’s not easy to do because conditions on Mars are so different.

“The Red Planet has a much lower gravity—one-third that of Earth’s—and an extremely thin atmosphere with only 1% of Earth’s pressure at the surface,” NASA said in a press release after Ingenuity’s first flight. “This means there are relatively few air molecules with which Ingenuity’s two 4-foot-wide (1.2-meter-wide) rotor blades can interact to achieve flight.”

It was planned for the helicopter, which was really just a prototype, to make five flights over 30 days on Mars. Instead, it made 72 flights over 1,000 days. NASA started to use it to get a bird’s-eye view of Mars and find interesting places for Perseverance to go back and look at more closely.

On the 72nd flight, unfortunately, Ingenuity had to make an emergency landing and lost touch with Perseverance. When they got in touch again, pictures from the helicopter showed that a rotor was badly damaged, so Ingenuity would not be able to fly again.

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Even though the helicopter can’t fly anymore, it can still gather information and send it to Perseverance. Perseverance then sends the information to Earth through NASA’s Deep Space Network. Before the Ingenuity team broke up, they got one last message from Ingenuity and ate cake to celebrate.

“I’m sorry, Dylan Thomas, but Ingenuity will not be going gently into that good Martian night,” said Josh Anderson, lead of the Ingenuity team at JPL. “It’s hard to believe that she still has something to give after more than 1,000 days on Mars’ surface, 72 flights, and one rough landing.” Because of how hard this amazing team worked, not only did Ingenuity do better than we thought it would, but it may also teach us new things in the years to come.

After stopping in “Valinor Hills” to rest, the robot’s job will be to gather data while it’s still, hopefully learning useful things about the planet’s environment before future missions with people.

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